| Reference Examples |
Articles and books are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual. The most common types and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.
| Articles |
Books & Reference Works |
Edited Book Chapters & Entries in Reference Works |
Reports |
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Classroom Course Pack Material
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Chapter in an Edited Book/ E-book
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Report with Individual Authors
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Conferences Presentations & Proceedings |
Dissertations & Theses |
Unpublished & Informally Published Works |
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Published Dissertation or Thesis
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| Data Sets |
Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual. For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.
| Audiovisual Media |
Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual. The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.
| Artwork |
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Film and Television | Musical Score | Podcast | |
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Radio Broadcast | TED Talk | YouTube Video | ||
| Online Media |
Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual. Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.
| Social Media |
Webpages and Websites |
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| General Format: Articles |
| One author: | Multiple authors: |
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Author, A.A. (year). Name of article. Name of Publication, Volume # (issue #), page range. https//doiXXXXXX Example: Rodriguez, B. A. (2014). The threat of living up to expectations: Analyzing the performance of Hispanic students on standardized exams. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 13(3),191-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192714531292 |
Author, A.A., Author B.B., & Author, C.C.(year). Name of article. Name of Publication, Volume # (issue #), page range. https//doiXXXXXX Example: Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.27 |
| General format: Books |
| Entire book: | Chapter in edited book: |
Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (year). Title of book. Publisher. APA 7 change: no publisher locationExample: Smith, J., Jones, B. & James, W. (2001). The importance of experiential education. William James College Press. |
Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (year). In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.) Title of book (2nd ed., pp. XXX-XXX). Publisher Example: Arnold, A. (2001). Merging the classroom and field experience. In J. Smith, J, Jones & W. James (Eds.), The importance of experiential education (pp. 201-210). William James College Press. |
| No Author/ Groups as Author: |
When an article has no identified author you may be able to use a corporate/ group author- if a report is on a web site from a group (a corporation, association or government agency) you can use the association's name as the "corporate author".
Example:
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (n.d.). Trauma-informed screening and assessment,. Retrieved from http://www.nctsn.org/resources/topics/trauma-informed-screening-assessment
| Government |
Materials from government documents, such as reports.
If the organization or agency issuing the report has assigned a number to the report, put that number in parentheses right after the title.
If the report has individual authors, use those names in the citation.
If the report does not have an individual author, then the corporate author rules apply. Note the parent agency when using material from a suborganization.
Example:
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, (2015). Evidence-based opioid addiction treatment (SAMSA Publication No. 2015-3620). Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/ebt/opioid.pdf
Be sure to include the title of the material that was used
Example:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2017). Injury, violence and safety. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/features/injuryviolencesafety.html
| Legal Materials |
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These include:
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Legal items originate from two different sources:
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Each source also has multiple levels such as district courts, courts of appeal and supreme court (both state and federal).
This tutorial focuses on a few common examples. For more detailed information refer to Pages 216-224 of
the APA Publication Manual 6th edition.
Court Decisions:
Cite the name of the case and the year of the decision
In Text Citation:
The name of the case is in italics followed by year
Example:
Brady v. National Football League (2016)
Reference List:
Example:
Brady v. National Football League, 249 F. Supp. 1076 (E.D. NY. 2016)
| How to Use the ZBib App to Make Your Reference List |
It is a pain to format every reference for a paper correctly.
Try using Zoterobib (zbib.org), which will format all of your references automatically
Watch this demonstration video
| Hanging Indent |