| Two Types: Parenthetical and Narrative |
| Parenthetical | Narrative |
|---|---|
|
When the citation is not part of the sentence, the authors and the dates are cited in parentheses Example: Research has demonstrated the effects of sensory deprivation on astronauts (Smith & Jones, 2002). APA 7 change: If citation has three or more authors, use the first author et al. each time you reference the article Example: if the article is authored by Smith, Jones, James, & Freud (2020), the citation is: (Smith et al., 2020)
When citing multiple articles by different authors in a single sentence, list the authors alphabetically by first author and use a semicolon (;) between the two articles. Example: Research has demonstrated the effects of sensory deprivation on astronauts (Baker & Taylor, 2010; Smith & Jones, 2002). |
When a citation is part of a sentence, the author's names are not placed in parentheses, but the date of the publication is. You also use "and" rather than the ampersand (&).
Example: Smith and Jones (2002) investigated the effects of sensory deprivation on astronauts.They explained the importance of giving individuals a sense of space.
APA 7 change: If citation has three or more authors, use the first author et al. each time you reference the article Example: if the article is authored by Smith, Jones, James, & Freud (2020), the citation is: Smith et al. (2020) discovered that technology could help increase access to mental health services to more people. |
| Author type | Parenthetical Citation | Narrative Citation |
| One author | (Hammond, 2014) | Hammond (2014) |
| Two authors | (French & Singer, 2019) | French and Singer (2019) |
| Three or more authors | (Caruso et al. 2021) | Caruso et al. (2021) |
|
Group author w/ abbreviation First Citation Subsequent Citation |
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) (NIMH,2020) |
National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] (2020) NIMH (2020) |
| Group author-No Abbreviation | (Harvard University, 2018) | Harvard Universoty (2018) |
| Websites |
| If the author is KNOWN: |
If there is NO author: If there is no individual author, then use the name of the organization |
|
Example: (Reca, 2017) |
Example: (UNICEF, 2017) |
| Corporate or Government |
If there is no individual author, name the government agency or corporation
Example
Rand Corporation (2014)
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2017) (first cite)
(SAMSHA. 2017) (subsequent cites)
| Lectures & PowerPoints |
To cite a PowerPoint presentation or a lecture from a class, cite in the text and use the authors first initial and last name, but not in the reference list since this is considered a personal communication which a reader would not be able to access) .
Example:
(J. Axelrod, personal communication, May 8, 2017)
If the presentation is from a conference or an online source, you cite in text and in the reference list:
Example
(Kramer, 2017)