| Two Types: Parenthetical and Narrative |
| Parenthetical | Narrative |
|---|---|
|
When the citation is not part of the sentence, the authors and the dates are cited in parentheses One or two authors: Cite each author Research has demonstrated the effects of sensory deprivation on astronauts (Smith & Jones, 2002). Three or more authors: Cite first author et al. e.g.: if the article is authored by Smith, Jones, James, & Freud (2020), the citation is: (Smith et al., 2020)
Different authors in a single citation; list the authors alphabetically by first author and use a semicolon (;) between the two articles. Research has demonstrated the effects of sensory deprivation on astronauts (Baker & Taylor, 2010; Smith & Jones, 2002). |
Author's names are part of the sentence and publication year is in parentheses;One or two authors, use "and" rather than the ampersand (&).Smith and Jones (2002) investigated the effects of sensory deprivation on astronauts.. Three or more authors: Cite first author et al. if the article is authored by Smith, Jones, James, & Freud (2020), the citation is: Smith et al. (2020) discovered that technology could help increase access to mental health services to more people. |
| Author type | Parenthetical Citation | Narrative Citation |
| One author | (Hammond, 2014) | Hammond (2014) |
| Two authors | (French & Singer, 2019) | French and Singer (2019) |
| Three or more authors | (Caruso et al. 2021) | Caruso et al. (2021) |
|
Group author w/ abbreviation First Citation Subsequent Citation |
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) (NIMH,2020) |
National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] (2020) NIMH (2020) |
| Group author-No Abbreviation | (Harvard University, 2018) | Harvard Universoty (2018) |
| Websites |
| If the author is KNOWN: |
If there is NO author: If there is no individual author, then use the name of the organization |
|
Example: (Reca, 2017) |
Example: (UNICEF, 2017) |
| Corporate or Government |
If there is no individual author, name the government agency or corporation
Example
Rand Corporation (2014)
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2017) (first cite)
(SAMSHA. 2017) (subsequent cites)
| Lectures & PowerPoints |
To cite a PowerPoint presentation or a lecture from a class, cite in the text and use the authors first initial and last name, but not in the reference list since this is considered a personal communication which a reader would not be able to access) .
Example:
(J. Axelrod, personal communication, May 8, 2017)
If the presentation is from a conference, a recorded lecture or an online source, you cite in text and in the reference list:
Example
(Kramer, 2017, March 3)
Kramer, M. (2017) Everything you need to know about APA style. (Lecture recorded at William James College, Newton MA,. https://msppedu.sharepoint.com/sites/StudentResourceHub/_layouts/15/Event.aspx?ListGuid=052dc34a-64e7-4448-bd9f-
A secondary source is when a writer cites a source as used in the original text
e.g. (Smith, 2005, as cited in Jones, 2014).
This is risky because you are depending on the citing author to correctly summarize the original material.
Best practice is to find the original text, read it, and cite the original source.
Only use secondary sources in rare circumstances: